Business Law - 1164 Words

Application of Law to the Facts: In light of all the facts based upon the law relating to nondisclosure agreements (NDA’s), a court most likely would rule in favor of Greenes Jewelry. This ruling comes from the matters of breaking legal contracts. NDA’s are legal binding contracts. Ms. Jennifer Lawson breached the confidentiality agreement/contract, that she was required to sign upon working for Greenes, when she took secret information to multiple competing jewelers. The agreement was a valid bi ­lateral contract which was expressed in writing. To qualify as a contract, a set of promises must be based on a voluntary agreement, which is made up of an offer and an acceptance of that offer. Any court will need to know the terms each†¦show more content†¦This is unlike the product Howell’s produces, which have caused disfiguring rashes. Greene’s product affords them the benefit of the doubt from their industry and community at large. The defendant’s contention is derived on circumstantial evidence, meaning that there is no direct evidence to show that Greene’s explicitly terminated her employment based solely on her pregnancy. Greene’s should attempt to be proactive by letting the public know that Ms. Lawson’s 3 years of outstanding work should not go without notice. Additionally, the plaintiff should plan to publicly announce their unfortunate situation which has caused the need to downsize and eliminate the positions held by all junior executive secretaries. As a showing of good faith it may also be in the company’s best interest to offer severance packages for their displaced former employees to help them along as they move on to the next stage of their careers. Letting the public know that they care and are truly saddened by having to let their employees go will play on sentiment and may help to bring the public to Greene’s side, thus reducing their reputational risk. Greene’s also needs to look into how they keep their secrets in the future. Confidentiality or nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) are widely used but often poorly reasoned or inadequately implemented. When are theyShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law And Ethics : Backoffice Business Brief1862 Words   |  8 Pages Running head: BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 1 Business Law and Ethics BackOffice Business Brief Patten University BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 2 Constitutional Rights and Guarantees BackOffice is a new startup business that will provide potential clients with an application (app) that woul d automate certain business functions. BackOffice will be selling the app to certain business clients that will use it to facilitate their customers’ transactions. It is important that the owner of this companyRead MoreLegal Underpinnings of Business Law Essay609 Words   |  3 PagesLegal Underpinnings of Business Law OMM 670: Legal Environment February 25, 2013 Legal Underpinnings of Business Law Business | Type of Business | Liability Exposure | Compare | Contrast | Tinker’s Home Security Service | Sole proprietorship | Unlimited | Monetary rewards are from both the Proprietor amp; business | Sole Liability | Tinker amp; Tailor’s Home Security Service | General partnership | Unlimited | All partners are responsible whether silent or active | If you areRead MoreLaw 531 Business Forms Worksheet1386 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Business Forms Worksheet There are seven forms of business: sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability company (including the single member LLC), S Corporation, Franchise, and Corporation. 1. Research and provide three advantages and three disadvantages for each business form. 2. Provide a 100- to 200-word summary in which you provide an example business that you would start for each form. What is legally necessary toRead MoreBusiness Law3143 Words   |  13 Pages2012 – OCTOBER SEMESTER 2012 STUDENT NAME: CHU THI HONG TUYEN ID No.: 2448481 BMLW5103 – BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Question 1 Discuss the enforceability of an agreement which lacks consideration. Using legal authorities (relevant statutes and cases) to support your discussion. Answer: A valid contract is an agreement made between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations that are enforced by law. What does the consideration mean? And what does it effect to the agreement? 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Under civil law, two parties here had signed a civil contract in writing. Because the contract failed to specify clearly front or rearRead MoreBusiness Law Development Of Mongolia2212 Words   |  9 PagesCourse Paper Myagmarsuren Jargal International American University BUS 540: Business Law for Managers Flavia LLoyd June 28, 2015 Business Law Development Issues in Mongolia Mongolia is a developing country, which is encountering challenges to develop modern business law. During the twentieth century, Mongolia had been a socialist country and developed almost fifty years of non-private property regime. However, the end of the twentieth century, the country changed its regime to democraticRead MoreBusiness Law1345 Words   |  6 PagesQn 1: Whether James can hold the Happy Holiday Hotel for the loss of his property under the common law? 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No, because if a secured not for a lesser amount is given andRead MoreBusiness Law2474 Words   |  10 Pagesnature of liability in negligence amp; (3.3) Explain how a business can be vicariously liable 4 (4.1) Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in the above different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC amp; (4.2) Apply the elements of vicarious liability in above different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC 8 Conclusion 11 References 12 Introduction Law plays important roles to protect benefits, obligations and

The, The Beautiful Mexican Maid - 1559 Words

During the mid-1800s, many Anglo-Saxon Americans, including author Ned Buntline, were against U.S. expansionism and the concept of â€Å"Manifest Destiny.† Subsequently, they were also against the U.S. invasion of Mexico in 1846. Due to their nativism, they were worried about the incorporation of the natives in the conquered territories into America. Buntline used his novel Magdalena, The Beautiful Mexican Maid: A Story of Buena Vista, to express his fears and to convince his readers that incorporating native Mexicans into the union might seem like a good idea at first, but would ultimately be an unwise decision for the country. Manifest destiny was the widely held belief that America was destined to expand the entire continent. Once the country touched the Atlantic and the Pacific, Americans started looking overseas for territory to expand to. This expansion took the form of American intervention in other countries in order to bring democracy, but in reality this expansion was for America’s own gain. In 1898, Spain declared war on America due to America’s intervention in Cuba’s war for independence. The war was not only fought in the Caribbean, but also in the Pacific, which led America to be involved in the Philippine Revolution and in turn the Philippine-American War. After America won the war, it gained several new island territories around the world, which led people to believe that the war was fought due to America’s interest in the territories and not due to the fact thatShow MoreRelatedArticle Review of Menu Girls by Denise Chavez Essay600 Words   |  3 Pagesdesired to be. They were beautiful, confident, and mysterious. Rivera also brings up the fact that even the girls names were created to exemplify beauty. For example, Eloisa is compared to the goddess Venus. Diana is named for the goddess of the moon. 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Mora creates a snapshot of the dangers of living near the Mexican border through the narrators game. The poem is written with childish language, but includes ambiguity of whether the players are children approaching a disturbingly mature theme or whether they re adults trying to minimize the stress of the situationRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesHughes, 1933 (Library of Congress) Langston was not ashamed of being a black American. He had already written poems celebrating his heritage. He felt connected to the oppressed brown people of the world and hated his father for mistreating his Mexican employees. Witnessing his fathers tyranny made Langston sick enough to require hospitalization. By the end of the summer, Langston was glad to return to school in the United States. On the journey to his mothers house in Cleveland, Ohio, he recognized

Health Care Reform Essay Example For Students

Health Care Reform Essay 9:15Due to the upcoming presidential election, the two major political parties, and their candidates, have been focusing on the primary problems that the nation will face. Chief among those problems is the future of Medicare, the national health-insurance plan. Medicare was enacted in 1965, under the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson, in order to provide health insurance for retired citizens and the disabled (Ryan). The Medicare program covers most people aged 65 or older, as well as handicapped people who enroll in the program, and consists of two health plans: a hospital insurance plan (part A) and a medical insurance plan (part B) (Marmor 22). Before Medicare, many Americans didnt have health insurance coverage, but since its inception the program has enrolled almost 40 million beneficiaries, who jointly fund the insurance program along with the national government (Carnegie). According to Dr. Don McCanne, a member of the Board of Directors of Physicians for a National Health Pr ogram, Before the passage of Medicare in 1965, only 52% of persons age 65 and over had hospital insurance and less than 15% had adequate health insurance (McCanne). The Medicare program has improved access to healthcare and improved the quality of life for millions of elderly members, and has provided insurance for millions of persons with disabilities. By reducing the burden of large medical bills, Medicare also has improved the economic status of the elderly. As Dorothy Price points out Over its 33 year history, Medicare has channeled billions of dollars into the health care system, helping to foster enormous improvements in health care technology and medical education (Carnegie). Unfortunately though, the program is now facing two major problems: beneficiaries are still having trouble in finding affordable care, and the Medicare program itself is not properly funded. As a result of these problems, the program could cease to exist unless a solution is found. One of the problems of Medicare itself is that it doesnt cover the costs of prescription drugs for its members; this has led to one of the major reasons that the program is in danger. A great deal of personal healthcare relies on the use of drugs, and since the program doesnt cover these costs, the individual must bear them. According to the AARP, in 1999 out-of-pocket costs for prescription drugs were estimated to be $450 per person each year (AARP). Obviously, members have joined the program to defray their medical costs, but these figures indicate that they still have large costs to pay. The other problem faced by the Medicare program is that it is also suffering from a lack of funds. According to Governor George W. Bush, the financial health of Medicare is in serious jeopardy and might face deficit as soon as 2010 (Bush). As a result of these major problems, one might wonder why the plan isnt scrapped for another program; well according to polls done by the Public Agenda, an Inte rnet public policy site, American citizens are strongly in favor of Medicare, and would rather see the problems ironed out (Public Agenda). Therefore it is necessary to come up with a solution, so that the Medicare program remains intact. The most favorable solution for these problems is for the national government to alleviate the out-of-pocket costs (such as the costs for drugs) of the beneficiaries by funding the Medicare program through the use of the national budget surplus. As of now, funding for Medicare has been provided through payroll taxes and social security taxes paid by enrolled members and their employers, and also through general revenues provided by the government. In fact, statistics provided by the United States Senate and Senator William Frist (R-Tenn.) indicate that Medicare members fund 25% (about $45/month), and the government covers the other 75% of Medicare costs (Frist). However, using revenue from the budget surplus would take the pressure off the beneficiaries and the government as well, by steadily lowering payroll and social security taxes. Another important reason that makes this proposal worthy is the fact that the national budget surplus will continue to increase beyond 2010. In fact, according to George W. Bush, the budget surplus is expected to grow well past $5 trillion over the next 10 years (Bush). Considering the fact that Medicare expenditures project to cost around $452.2 billion over that same period (Bush), there will be plenty of money still available for military, education, and other government expenditures. Obviously, if the budget surplus were to decrease or remain stagnant over this time, it would be very costly to maintain Medicare under this proposal, but due to the budgets optimistic (to say the least) outlook, the proposal is very sensible and effective. .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c , .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .postImageUrl , .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c , .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c:hover , .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c:visited , .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c:active { border:0!important; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c:active , .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uacad61e03513a7d48cacf4ee70e05f8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chester Wilmot EssayPerhaps the only other alternative to Medicare itself would be for the government to adopt a centralized form of healthcare, similar to the one employed in Canada. In that program, every citizen would be entitled to the same benefits regardless of age, disability, or unemployment. Although this program seems like it would be for the best, it would take many years to implement the system. Legislation for a major issue such as healthcare normally spans several years (Frist), and is one reason that the government and neither party has ever brought the idea to the forefront. Furthermore, the financing for a public healthcare plan would shift more to the peo ple since the government would be realizing all of the costs. Although still in use in Canada, the public healthcare system caused quite a scandal in the late 1980s in the province of Alberta. In order to make up for the enormous costs accrued by the program, restrictions were placed on the amount of drugs that were to be prescribed by physicians (Marmor 97). This raised many concerns over the program and its lack of medical ethics. In fact, many organizations in Canada have formed coalitions to prevent incidents like this from occurring. One such coalition, the Friends of Medicare, was instrumental in helping pass the Canada Health Act in 1994 (Marmor). The Act is designed to ensure that Canadians receive comprehensive medical care at no cost. As mentioned earlier, most Americans would rather see the Medicare program revamped instead of replaced. One of the measures that the government took was the establishment of the Medicare HMO (health maintenance organization). This program was designed to allow HMO subscribers the ability to use any hospital or physician. Previously, patients who contracted with HMOs were only allowed to use hospitals and physicians under contract with that HMO provider (Marmor 192). As a result, many people feared that HMOs were more worried about money, then the health of its subscriber. With the advent of Medicare HMO, many more people subscribed to different providers. According to the Medicare HMO Internet site, the total membership of HMOs has risen to over 7 million people as a result of its partnership with the Medicare program (MCOL). The problem with the HMO is that it is an even more private form of healthcare insurance then Medicare, and therefore costs more to the individual. Whereas muc h of the spending for Medicare is provided by payroll taxes, many employers do not even contract with health maintenance organizations due to cost (Ryan). Therefore, subscribers must pay more in premiums each month, then the estimated $45 monthly Medicare charge. By using revenue from the budget surplus to cover Medicare costs, the national government would be benefiting itself, as well as Medicare subscribers. As previously mentioned, payroll taxes and social security taxes, current sources for Medicare funding, would be considerably lower and more elderly and disabled persons would be able to enroll in the program. The money from the budget surplus would be used primarily for out-of-pocket expenditures, such as prescription drug costs, as wells as to finance hospitals and medical technology. The government would benefit because of a stable national health-insurance plan, and due to a rapidly increasing budget surplus which figures to increase well over $5 trillion over the next ten years. This allows the government to take care of other major problems areas such as education, crime, and the armed forces. Although there are other alternatives such as switching to a more centralized form of medical care or relying on a more private form of me dical care, each has several important problems. The time spent on legislation dealing with a public healthcare system, combined with moral aspects of the system make it less appealing. Likewise, added costs and insurance premiums for individuals, and the heavier financial burden on the government make the private system less desirable as well. Based on these facts, the best solution would be to reform the Medicare program through budget surplus financing. .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec , .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .postImageUrl , .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec , .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec:hover , .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec:visited , .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec:active { border:0!important; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec:active , .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea488d9da25a8a99c35352dc0902f2ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Netsourcing software EssayAnnotated Medicine Essays

Transcendentalist Movement Essays (989 words) -

Transcendentalist Movement Terror at Eerie Mt. ?Go find some twigs to make a splint quickly!?said the guide Chris, with a low tone. ?Its going to storm, it looks really bad.? he shouted. ?Listen Dave, I need you to be still and try not think of the pain.? Chris shrieked. ?Can someone please get me something to soak up the blood?! Oh my God!? Chris demanded. ?Stop staring!? shouted the bearded guide. ?Am I going to die cried Dave. ?No you wont die!? the guide screamed. ?He's going to die, look at that thick puddle of blood. I've never seen that much blood.? The other boys whisper amongst themselves. Just then, one of the younger boys bends his head over and began vomiting on the trail, leaving a hot, moist, putrid odor lingering in the air. That began the misery that nearly ended seven innocent lives on a hiking trip to Eerie Mountain. This was my first personal proof that there is a God. And that we are all linked in some way. ?I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. Ralph Waldo Emerson believed in the concept of the Oversoul which is described as an ultimate spiritual unity encompasses all existence and in which each human being has an individual share. This idea emphasizes the belief that we (meaning everything) is connected under God. We as humans aren't really individual but a fragment of a whole which he calls Nature. Henry David Thoreau, who studied the teachings of Emerson celebrates the vivid beauty of nature in a novel titled Walden, Thoreau spends more than two years on Emerson's land to try and discover God in nature and to honor his brother. Thoreau was mesmerized by a rainbow and it made such an impact on him that he recorded this event into a chapter titled The Ponds ?Once it chanced that I stood in the very abutment of a rainbow's arch, which filled the lower stratum of the atmosphere, tingling the grass and leaves around, and dazzling me as if I looked through colored crystal. Emerson was very aware of the virtue of nature that he makes this comment in the book Nature, ?as the snake his slough, and at what period soever of life, is always a child. In the woods, is perpetual youth.? Emerson's point about the book was, that nature is far more intricate than the human eye interprets. My experience with nature was similarly rewarding as was Thoreau's. Staring down at Dave's broken hip, and replaying in my mind the fall he suffered, I can't deny that I believed he was going to die. All of a sudden I discovered faith inside of me that I didn't know I had. And with this newfound faith I provided some positive energy to the terrorized children that we accompanied to Eerie Mt. Gawking at Dave's grimacing countenance, I myself started to feel nauseous. From that point the presence of God was never more apparent to me. As we hiked back toward camp, the sun was slowly crawling back to his cave below the horizon and the shimmering stars began to appear. The next day we left Eerie Mt. to take Dave to a hospital, I began to think about the oneness I felt with nature and God that day before. ?It is impossible for a man to be cheated by anyone but himself.? Self Reliance by Emerson challenges us as a society to be individual, and not worry about fitting in or winning someone else's praise. This idea is a perfectly logical notion. Emerson believed that the world is based on conformity. He thought that people are too afraid to be themselves and to voice their opinions and ideas. Emerson thinks we should trust our higher instincts before reverting back to what would be more acceptable. Self Reliance teaches us to trust ourselves and to believe that what is inside although not common can still be admired. This idea of Emersons' demands our society to start questioning things and developing our own theories. As a child, I was taught to be more realistic and to not just accept things as they appear. In life I've learned that everyone will try to influence you to believe what they believe. For the most part, I am a listener, but to those who truly know me, could tell you I also am a questioner. I try to controvert all

Research Proposal on Customer Retention Essay Example

Research Proposal on Customer Retention Essay Customer retention is the activity of the company aimed at the attraction of new customers and binding the old ones to the company and its production. It is obvious that the success and profit of the company depends on the quantity and quality of its customers. If the number of customers is high, the firm is able to gain high income and develop further increasing its production and differentiating the choice of its production. Naturally, the quantity of customers is not a stable figure and it can alter because of various factors. In order to avoid the problem of the lack of customers the firm is supposed to form the stable circle of the returning customers who believe in the quality of the production, support and advertise the brand to their friends and co-workers. The company should hire a qualified team of the experts who are aware about the peculiarities of the human psychics, behavior and the manner of work of the human mind in order to be able to create the right marketing strategy which would attract new clients and bind the permanent one. It is quite difficult to make clients loyal to the production of the firm and to impose a certain cult of the brand on them. The task of the strategy of customer retention is to remind to the customer about the existence of the brand with the help of the quality advertisement, personal messages on the cell phones, emails, ads in the social networks, etc. If the client sees that the firm â€Å"thinks† about him and addresses personally to him informing about the new goods and services, the client will definitely develop his loyalty to the brand. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Customer Retention specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Customer Retention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Customer Retention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Customer retention is the important strategy which is aimed at the increase of the popularity of the brand among the greater amount of customers. The young person is able to observe the problem form the independent and totally alternative side in a detailed and well-composed research proposal. The proposal is written to persuade the professor in the relevance of the problem and should contain the successful presentation of the points important for the research, the purpose of writing and the methods of the research. One is expected to illustrate the list of the expected results to show that the paper is worthy. A research proposal is a serious challenge for every young professional, because one is supposed to demonstrate his interest in the topic and observe it from all possible sides. One can increase the quality of his paper with the help of a free example research proposal on customer retention written online. Professional writers and editors work hard to present a free sample research proposal on customer retention to a student and make his work easier. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Customer Retention topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Understanding the Gist of the Matter

Understanding the Gist of the Matter Understanding the Gist of the Matter Understanding the Gist of the Matter By Maeve Maddox Ive begun to notice the misuse of just for gist in the expression gist of the matter. Admittedly, many of the occurrences appear in informal comments at the end of blogs and articles, but Ive also found examples in formal pieces written by writers who should know better. I think I got the just of the matter. Though I also suspect that I missed a few points†¦ The just of the matter is that it isnt Christ that fell short, when you mess up, it is you. I think that [it] is very hard to please men†¦The just of the matter is, either they like you or they dont. The just of the matter is, whenever you hear something about biofuels and biorefining, keep an open mind and never assume that what you’ve heard about it in the past applies now. gist    1. Law. The real ground or point (of an action, indictment, etc.). 2. The substance or pith of a matter, the essence or main part. The noun gist in the gist of the matter, derives from Anglo-French legal phrases that included the word gist in the sense of the verb lies.; for example, cest action gist, literally, this action lies, from French gà ©sir, to lie, from Latin jacet, it lies. The meaning of this action lies was this case is sustainable by law. Other ways to say the gist of the matter are: the heart of the matter the most essential thing to know or remember the main point Here are some examples of the correct use of gist on the web: Sometimes we crunch data and painstakingly calculate choices and positions, and sometimes we rapidly and automatically seize on the essence, the simple value, the gist of the matter. The gist of the matter can be found on Lisa’s post, as well as a rather lengthy discussion Microcontent: Sometimes You Just Need the Gist We now come to the gist of the matter. That, in our opinion, is what the real gist of Lenins thesis on the identity†¦of dialectics†¦[is]. I found a business podcast called The Gist of the Matter. Theres also a web application called Gist. It analyzes email and summarizes the content based on perceived importance sorted by time, people, attachments, communication frequency, or companies. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastEmail Etiquette75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Is Building Information Modelling (BIM) successfully delivering time Literature review

Is Building Information Modelling (BIM) successfully delivering time and cost benefits - Literature review Example It is a revolutionary type of technology that helps to inform and to communicate data and decisions with regards to a particular project. It uses digital technology in order to show the physical characteristics of a building and also the functionality of the particular building. BIM has the ability to provide information with regards to a project from its inception up to completion .It helps deliver the right information to the right people. It is used by various individuals and institutions in the process of designing, construction and operation of complex structures and infrastructures. It has a very wide application and can be used in a variety of areas ranging from warehouses, offices, schools, apartments, hospitals, prisons and other facilities. BIM models are employed in construction projects in order to ensure that there is efficient information management, as in the information is there when needed and is delivered promptly (Epstein, 2012). The uses of BIM are incorporated in to all aspects of building process such as the design and planning phases to the implementation of the actual project and other supporting activities such as the management of costs, management of the project itself in terms of labour and the actual facility operation (Race, 2012). BIM creates efficiency and has several benefits as well. One of the main advantages of BIM is that it reduces rework (Epstein, 2012). This is because; it is able to calculate with high levels of accuracy the exact amount of resources and materials that will be used and hence there is less wastage in the various processes. This enables work to be done instantaneously and, therefore, eliminates the need for reworks. It improves productivity. Through the information that is generated by this technology, it is able to calculate the exact amount of resources that can be used in a

Stroke Rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stroke Rehabilitation - Essay Example Lack of physical activities, has also been found to affect the recovery process of most patients with strokes. The essay will focus on the importance of activities in the recovery of stroke patients. This will be based on scientific studies that indicate the importance of physical exercises (American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2004). The current studies have mentioned that inactivity and sedentary lifestyles to be common in patients with stroke. This has been associated with the physical deconditioning, a situation that many patients in critical conditions cannot be evade. The physical inactivity can be attributed to age differences, especially in many patients who are above the age of 60. It is also common in patients with negative attitudes and perception about the recovery programs. Patients, who believe that they will recover and become independent, are more likely to participate in physical activities. They respond well to the medical treatment. Several researches also find a correlation between motor coordination and the increased sensitivity of the str oke-impaired limbs with exercises. As a physiotherapist, I have been able to discover the importance of physical activities. I have found that patients who are positive and regularly participate in physical exercise are more likely to respond to drugs. The patients are able to improve their self-esteem and are very positive in life. Only a few patients who have been constantly taking part in physical activities that been diagnosed with the co-occurring ailments. Further, none of the case of recurrent of stroke has been reported. On the contrary, I have had about four patients being diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes mellitus due to inactivity. These patients have refused to continue with the physical exercise program I have made. Hence, my interactions with the patients prove that indeed the physical exercises play an imperative role. As such, I advocate for

Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services Essay Example for Free

Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services Essay 1. Every person we come into contact with on a daily basis is able to teach us a little something about life. You just have to be open to learning. This particular counselor who was introduced to Steve for whatever cosmic reason, but left the encounter more knowledgeable about the human condition than when initially introduced. At first glance and without knowing any background on Steve the counselor could have just chalked Steve up as a special needs student who in no way was going to succeed being away from home. The councilor however took time out and got to know his student and found all the triumphs that he had been faced with and had overcome throughout the years. The counselor was able to determine that this student was in no way going to give up and fall between the cracks due to a series of unfortunate events. Every child I come in contact with on a daily basis has their own story, many of which are heart wrenching or unnerving, but yet many persevere and will become productive members of society because someone along the way has showed that they care. 2. Steve was able to benefit just as much as the counselor through this interaction. He was able to persevere and complete his education. All that Steve needed was for someone else to also see the end of the tunnel as well as he saw it. Having someone on the same page and able to stand with you through your goals is beneficial to all those involved not just the single individual with the goal. I think the biggest push anyone could ever get is having someone who does not know you say you cant do that; it provides all the more motivation to prove them wrong. According to the National Organization of Human Services (NOHS), a code of ethics is an explicit statement of the values, principles, and the rules of a profession, regulating the conduct of its members† (Barker, 2001, p.84) There are two statements found in the NOHS though that best summarize this code and make it applicable to the field in which I am currently surrounded by. STATEMENT 45 Human service educators demonstrate full commitment to their appointed responsibilities, and are enthusiastic about and encouraging of students learning. STATEMENT 46 Human service educators model the personal attributes, values and skills of the human service professional, including but not limited to, the willingness to seek and respond to feedback from students. In reading Steve’s journey on the Hero’s Path there is an identifiable moment that relates to my current position that I have been witness to and assisted with. As a guidance secretary for a public school I have seen man types of students walk through our door. Our most recent students who have come in search of a chance to blend in with a traditional student body are two students who found themselves being best friends despite each other’s complex issues. One is an overweight 16 year old and suffers from Prader-Willi Syndrome and sneaks food from our cafeteria any chance he gets. The other a 17 year old was born with malformation of the mouth and hands. Both are part of our special education program. Because of their outward appearances, both are shunned by the other student, which has had very little effect on them. To assist them in this effort of blending in our Administrative Resource Teacher, who is popular and liked by the student body because of her understanding and helpful nature has essentially deputized these two during our busiest lunch period. In order to keep the child with Prader-Willi from stealing uneaten food and his friend from stealing anything for him, they eat their lunch and when they are done, are placed on crime watch patrol around the perimeter of the school, with our ART. The child with Prader-Willi gets exercise and it removes him from tempting treats left behind by students such as milk and chips. Both also get the satisfaction of knowing that despite their abnormalities they are regular students. During pep assemblies when the excited student body is a little overwhelming, these students also know that my office is a safe haven for them. They know that they must do work alphabetizing or organizing but they each have a task. I’ve heard many of our administrators repeat this saying time and time again â€Å"you need to know our students, in order to teacher them†, the same applies in any interaction with them. Students don’t just learn in the four walls of a classroom, they learn in every kind of environment. If you make that environment one in which they are comfortable students will return time after time to seek your guidance and model attributes they found and have seen demonstrated. References Halstead, Richard A. (2000, January). From tragedy to triumph: counselor as companion on the hero’s journey. Counseling Values, 44(2), 100. http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/ethical-standards-for-hs-professionals

Impacts of Terrorism on Sporting Events

Impacts of Terrorism on Sporting Events Examining the Impacts of Terrorism on Sporting Events: Focusing on the FIFA World Cup. Terrorism is now, more than ever, a prevalent subject within media discourse. The impact of threats of terrorism, be they perceived or realised, is one that should not be underestimated. While the threat of terror attacks is one that we see on a regular basis, the fact that large scale events such as the FIFA World Cup draw thousands of spectators to one confined area (i.e. a football stadium, and the location surrounding the stadium) means that terror attacks and the threat thereof should be addressed as part of the risk assessment for the event. The events industry, focusing particularly on sports tourism, have been affected by the global concern surrounding terrorism. Hinch and Higham (2001) recognise that sport in general, be that on a local or a global level, has a huge influence on the numbers of tourists that are attracted to a particular area. Sport is a massive, multi-billion-pound industry, and the tourism that it encompasses makes a significant contribution to the revenue it creates. There are a number of facets to sport tourism that make it what it is. There are three prominent markers of this particular aspect of tourism, which include outdoor sports, fitness activities, and major events (Hall, 1992). If we consider one of those criteria – major events – then this study will focus on the FIFA World Cup, and will explore how the World Cup has been affected by terrorism. Since the 2001 terror attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Centre, major events have been directly affected by the threat of terror attacks. Sports tourists no longer feel as safe as they did travelling to destinations for major sporting events, as the risk of attack is perceived as being much greater. These fears are exacerbated by the fact that tourists are in enclosed spaces for the duration of the sporting event, with means of escape being difficult to navigate and police in large crowds. Since the late 1900’s sports tourism has seen a surge in popularity unrivalled by other large scale events (Standeven and DeKnopp, 1999). Sport tourists are known to spend a significant amount of their income on travelling to destinations in order to watch their favourite team or sportsperson perform. We can define sports tourism as â€Å"‘sport-based travel away from the home environment for a limited time, where sport is characterised by unique rule sets, competition related to physical prowess, and a playful nature† (Hinch and Higham, 2001, p.56). This can be directly attributed to the FIFA World Cup, as teams of players will take part in a match with defined rules, are athletic by their very nature, and if we break football down to a basic level, the players are playing a game. So, as discussed one of the criteria that makes up sports tourism is ‘major events’. This title can be attributed to the likes of the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics. We can see how the act of putting on such a large-scale event has benefits for both the fans of the particular sport in question (in this instance the FIFA World Cup) and also the country in which the event is to be based. The fans are afforded the opportunity to witness their favourite sports team in action, while the revenue produced through their tourism contributes greatly to the area in which the event is to take place. During the FIFA World Cup that took place in South Korea in 2002, the then-president of South Korea is quoted as stating that the event was ‘a chance for us to make the country prosper diplomatically, economically and culturally, in sectors like tourism and science’ (McCormack, 2002, p.39), ‘us’ in this instance being South Korea. As there is a significant return made when compared to the actual investment involved in the planning, launching, and running of such an event, many destinations who are able to host events such as the FIFA World Cup vie for the opportunity to do so, as they are all too aware of the benefits they will be rewarded with in exchange for their investment (Kelly, 2000). Although we have seen significant growth in terms of sports-related tourism (which may be due to the advancement of travel networks, and the ability to now travel to events for a smaller financial outlay), the notion of sports tourism is still a fairly new construct. With this in mind, consideration by organisers must be made towards how terrorism can have negative effects on sports tourism. Sport is a global phenomenon, which means that global incidents, such as acts of terrorism, have a direct effect on the industry. Terrorism is a difficult term to describe. In fact, the US Department of State (2001) has argued that there is no universally accepted definition of what terrorism actually is. There are a significant number of variables that can affect how people perceive an act of terrorism, and indeed whether they actually see an act as one of terrorism at all. Ganor (2001) argues that in order for terrorism to be fought back against, then a specific definition should be in place that sets out exactly what an act of aggression (or otherwise) should constitute in order for it to be labelled as ‘terrorism’. This inability to agree on what constitutes terrorism has led to several difficulties. Governments are unable to create laws around terrorism because they can’t agree on what terrorism is (Whitaker, 2001), and also opposing terrorism, in certain circumstances, could be construed as an act of terrorism in of itself. Freedman (2002) attempts to remedy the situation of disagreement regarding what is and isn’t terrorism by stating what those attempting to define it do agree on. These factors include: Terrorism is carried out in a purposeful manner (i.e. specific targeting).Terrorism is inclusive of acts of violence, which vary in their extremity.Terrorism has some form of political motivation.Victims of terror are not ‘pre-selected’ (i.e. victims of suicide bombers for example)The act of terror is intended to affect people, bodies or movements outside of the direct victims of the attack (i.e. coercion of a government to act in a certain way as a result of the attack). Most of the discourse surrounding violence within the sporting industry has been directed towards the violent conduct of spectators of a specific sport. Football fans in particular have found themselves the subject of much conjecture regarding the causes of sports violence, and this has been the case since the 1960s and 70s. There has, however, been an underwhelming degree of investigation into the effect of terrorism on sports tourism (Atkinson et al, 2000, p.54). Wedermeyer (1999, p.218) supports this assertion in stating that ‘specialist literature on the relationship between sport and terrorism is rare’. This is in contradiction to the fact that major sporting events are in no way insusceptible to terrorist attacks, a point which is highlighted by the fact that in December 2016, a series of car bombs was detonated outside the stadium of Turkish football team, Besiktas, injuring many in the process, the majority of whom were completely innocent civilians. Atkinson and Young (2000, p.54) further their point by saying that although, on the face of it, sports may not seem to be linked to acts perpetrated by terrorist organisations, there is no escaping the fact that major events in the sporting world may become the target for terrorist attack. These acts of terrorism may not only be directed towards the spectators at a major sporting event, but also those who partake in the events themselves (i.e. the athletes), or even the large corporations who have put funds towards sponsorship of the event. They are, in essence, saying that everyone associated with the event is a potential target for terrorism. If we consider the FIFA World Cup, then this is quite obvious a major event, with a huge amount of prestige attached to it. As a result, it makes sense that we can consider the FIFA World Cup, in the contemporary climate in particular, to be at risk of a terrorist attack. We have seen historical instances of major sporting events attracting the attention of terrorist groups. Perhaps one that will be forever remembered is the 1972 Olympic Games, which took place in Munich. A militant terrorist organisation known as ‘Black September’ stormed the grounds of the Olympic residents accommodation and attacked the Israeli team’s hospitality area. In doing so, they murdered one Israeli sports coach in cold blood, and took ten hostages. The attempts to save the hostages failed tremendously, and they all died as a result of the failed attempt, as did a number of the Palestinian terrorists involved in the coup, and several police officials. More recently, during the Olympic games which took place in Atlanta in 2002, several individuals died either as a direct result, or indirect result, of a concealed bomb which was hidden in a backpack in the spectator area of the stadium. Many were injured in the attack, while one of the spectators died as a result of the blast. We have seen how World Cup Football has contributed to violence in the past, and sometimes on a serious and larger scale than ‘mere’ hooliganism. In 1969, two countries, Honduras and El Salvador, ended up declaring war on one another after they came head-to-head in a pre-tournament qualifying match. Because friction between the two countries was already high, this translated directly to the football field, and as a result the spectators clashed violently with eachother. This escalated and the two countries entered into a war in July of that year. Whilst this may not be seen as a direct act of terrorism, it does serve to illustrate how violence is present in World Cup football, or any kind of football for that matter. However, this kind of violence can be seen as politically motivated. Two separate sets of fans are brought together, from separate countries, between which tensions may be running high. The emotion of the event, and the patriotism felt for each sets of fans’ own countries, by the fans themselves, could potentially lead to an act of terrorism taking place. As mentioned earlier, sport is a truly global phenomenon. So, it goes without saying that globalisation will have an effect on sports related-violence. We have seen how global travel has become much more accessible to those who previously were unable to make journeys to far-away destinations due to the financial implications of doing so. However, we briefly touched upon how football hooliganism has been an issue in sports events since the 70s. Inexpensive holiday deals, and even travel deals tailored specifically towards the sports tourist, have been prolific for the past 30 years, and so it makes sense to make the link between sports tourism and sports violence. Working class males have been given access to the deals mentioned above, which means that they can travel to destinations for a comparatively nominal fee. It shouldn’t be viewed as entirely coincidental that where these travel opportunities are made available, and are combined with cheap alcohol, that sports violence (particularly hooliganism, which is often associated with working class males) would increase and become more of a threat in the time leading up to a major sporting event. Taylor (2002, p.27) supports this assertion. He states that ‘For many (especially) ‘working class’ young men, it was football that first initiated them into ‘foreign’ travel’. To return to World Cup Football and acts of terrorism, we saw that there was a great deal of concern surrounding the safety of spectators and participants of the 2002 South Korean FIFA World Cup. As stated earlier, this was as a direct result of the atrocities that took place during the 9/11 terror attacks in America. Nevertheless, all the authorities involved decided that this major event should go ahead unhindered. This may well have simply been down to the fact that the revenue generated by the tournament would have been undeniably beneficial to South Korea. Indeed, as quoted earlier, the South Korean President, Kim Dae-Jung, stated himself exactly how beneficial it would be for their country, bringing in hundreds of thousands of tourists from across the globe. Bibliography Atkinson, Michael and Young, Kevin. 2002. Terror Games: Media treatment of security issues at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. Olympika: the International Journal of Olympic Studies 9; 53-78. Ganor, Boaz. 2001. Terrorism: No Prohibition Without Definition.7 October. http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=393. 14 April 2003. Hall, C. Michael. 1992 Hallmark Events: The Impacts, Management, and Planning of Event Tourism, Belhaven Press: New York. Hinch, Tom and Higham, James. 2001. Sport Tourism: A Framework for Research. The International Journal of Tourism Research. 3(1); 45-58. Kelly, J. 2000. Looking to sports for development dollars. American City & Country. 115(14); 20. McCormack, Gavan. 2002. Things more important than football? Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup. In Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup eds John Horne, J. and Wolfram Manzenreiter. pp 29-42. London: Routledge. Standeven, Joy and DeKnop, Paul. 1999. Sport Tourism, Human Kinetics: Champaign, Illinois. Taylor, Rogan. 2002. World Cup fans: hooligans or tourists. In Proceedings of the Korean Academic Society of Tourism Management International Conference for the Success of the 2002 World Cup., pp. 22-35. Seoul. 18 January. United States, Dept. of State. 2001. Patterns of Global Terrorism. Washington: Dept. of State: vi. http://www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/terrorism.htm#definition. 14 April 2003. Wedermeyer, B. 1999. Sport and terrorism. In The international politics of sport in the 20th century eds. Jim Riodan and Arnd Krà ¼ger. pp. 217- 231. New York: Routledge. Whitaker, Brian. 2001. The definition of terrorism. The Guardian. 7 May. http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,487098,00.html

Military Drinking Age

What would happen If the drinking age were lowered for those In the military? Xx xx English 123 Mrs.. Xix 20 Par XX Military Drinking Age 1 What would happen If the drinking age were lowered for those In the military? When I started this paper, I didn't want my own views to sway my opinion on this question. The more I researched, the more I had even my own views expanded. I wanted to know what military people thought about this topic, what civilians thought and even President Obama. I wanted to explore why age 21 was chosen and when the age was lowered and then raised again and why.For many people In the military I am sure have a different stance on this than clansman or maybe not, but this Is why I researched the information that I did. The first thing that I typed in my Google search engine box was, â€Å"Should the drinking age be lowered for the military? ‘ I found that President elect Obama in 2008, sympathized with Army veteran Ernest Johnson about serving his country at age 18, but not being able to come home and have a beer, but that setting the legal drinking age at 21, helped reduce the amount of drunken driving Incidents and that it should remain. Military_com. 008). This peeked my curiosity and I wondered If most law makers felt the same. New Hampshire State representative, James Explains, D-Portsmouth said that it would be hypocritical to have people make life and death decisions in Iraq, but not be able to have a drink in New Hampshire. (Shank, 2005). Both men appreciate the fact that these people help in guarding and serving our country, but both had very deferent opinions on whether it should be lowered. So I wanted to get more points of view on this matter.I found that Jason Gibbs, the spokesperson for the Governor of Vermont, Jim Douglas had the same stance as D-Portsmouth. Gibbs said, â€Å"Philosophically, it's difficult to reconcile the notion that you can enlist in the military, serve your country, go to war, but not go into your l ocal pub and get a draft beer. † Gibbs went on to say, â€Å"Even Gob. Jim Douglas, a republican, might see some logic in the proposal if the federal highway money was not Involved. † (Bullock, 2005). Why would federal highway money be Involved? It didn't make sense to me, so I wanted to explore that further.When I searched for federal highway money, I came upon the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (AMANDA). This Act required all states to raise their minimum purchase and public possession of alcohol to age 21 . States that did not comply faced a reduction in highway funds, under the Federal Highway Act. (Hanson, n. D). So this brings me back to one of my original questions, why was the age 21 chosen? I found that becoming a full adult at age 21 dates back to English common law. (Rice, 2 IT Military Drinking Age the age was set at 21 in 1984, when before was it 18 and why was it 18?President Franklin Roosevelt lowered the draft age from 21 to 18 during World Wa r II, eventually during the Vietnam era, people were upset that they were old enough to enlist in the forces, but now old enough to vote, so in 1971 they applied that same logic to drinking and lowered the age to 18. (Tree, 2008). Why would they want to change the age back to 21, I wonder? Apparently, certain states had stricter rules and teens would drive to other states that had less off strict drinking rule, drink and drive back and depending where they lived, the further out they were, the more probable it was for an alcohol related incident. (Tree, 2008).So Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MAD) fought to have the drinking age back to 21 and that's when the AMANDA was set forth in 1984. (Tree, 2008). Now that I had all the dates figured out and who prompted the changes, I wanted to see if changing the drinking age actually had an effect on decreasing alcohol related incidents. I found that statistically in 1984, that alcohol related fatalities made up for 54% of all fatalities and 23 years later, in 2007, only 37% of alcohol related fatalities made up for all fatalities. (Alert. Com, 2006). So again, back to one of my original thoughts, I wanted to see opinions from a litany stand point.I came upon some writings from Air Force Colonel Celebrities, who wrote that Junior enlisted, ages 18-24 made up 1/3 of the Air Force and accounted for 81% of the alcohol related incidents. He said that on average, the Air Force has about 5,300 alcohol related incidents annually, so that means 4,293 of those incidents basically belonged to the Junior enlisted. Cool. Celebrities said that the military message, â€Å"Work hard, Play hard,† was sending the wrong message. (Slouchier, 2007). After a long day of work, you go out and play hard, what better of way, than to drink and relax, but there are other ways of relaxing than drinking.As I was concluding my research, still not yet satisfied with my results, I found a website that was written by Jim Hall, from the National Transportation Board, who had all these statistics that stated how alcohol related fatalities had gone down, alcohol related suicides reduced and the number of DEW Military Drinking Age 3 arrests had decreased since raising the age of drinking to 21 . He later stated that the younger a person starts drinking, the greater the chance of that person develops alcohol dependency and or abuses alcohol. Hall, n. D).

Elements of Energy Efficient House

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Elements of an Energy-Efficient House You have much to consider when designing and building a new energy-efficient house, and it can be a challenge. However, recent technological improvements in building elements and construction techniques also allow most modern energysaving ideas to be seamlessly integrated into house designs while improving comfort, health, or aesthetics. And even though some energy-efficient features are expensive, there are others that many home buyers can afford. While design costs, options, and styles vary, most energy-efficient homes have some basic elements in common: a wellconstructed and tightly sealed thermal envelope; controlled ventilation; properly DOE/GO-10200-1070 FS-207 July 2000 This house in Illinois has many energy-efficient features, including advanced framing techniques, insulated sheathing, and an advanced ductwork system. It was built by Town and Country Homes as part of DOE's Building America Program. DEP A NT OF ME EN RT ST A AT E S OF M ER This document was produced for the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a DOE national laboratory. The document was produced by the Information Services Program, under the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) is operated by NCI Information Systems, Inc. , for NREL / DOE. The statements contained herein are based on information known to EREC and NREL at the time of printing. No recommendation or endorsement of any product or service is implied if mentioned by EREC. Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste ICA Photo by Sara Farrar, NREL/PIX07134 CLEARINGHOUSE GY ER sized, high-efficiency heating and cooling systems; and energy-efficient doors, windows, and appliances. Thermal Envelope A thermal envelope is everything about the house that serves to shield the living space from the outdoors. It includes the wall and roof assemblies, insulation, air/vapor retarders, windows, and weatherstripping and caulking. Wall and Roof Assemblies Most builders use traditional wood frame construction. Wood framing is a â€Å"tried and true† construction technique that uses a potentially renewable resource—wood— U N IT ED to provide a structurally sound, long-lasting house. With proper construction and attention to details, the conventional wood-framed home can be very energyefficient. It is now even possible to purchase a sustainably harvested wood. Foundation walls and slabs should be as well insulated as the living space walls. Some of the available and popular energyefficient construction methods include the following: Optimum Value Engineering (OVE). This method uses wood only where it is most effective, thus reducing costly wood use and saving space for insulation. The amount of lumber has been determined to be structurally sound through both laboratory and field tests. However, the builder must be familiar with this type of construction to ensure a structurally sound house. Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs). These sheets are generally made of plywood or oriented-strand board (OSB) that is laminated to foam board. The foam may be 4 to 8 inches thick. Because the SIP acts as both the framing and the insulation, construction is much faster than OVE or stick framing. The quality of construction is often superior because there are fewer places for workers to make mistakes. Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF). Houses constructed in this manner consist of two layers of extruded foam board (one inside the house and one outside the house) that act as the form for a steel-reinforced concrete center. It’s the fastest technique and least likely to have construction mistakes. Such buildings are also very strong and easily exceed code requirements for areas prone to tornadoes or hurricanes. Insulation An energy-efficient house has much higher insulation R-values than required by most local building codes. An R-value is the ability of a material to resist heat transfer, and the lower the value, the faster the heat loss. For example, a typical house in New York might have insulation of R-11 in the exterior walls and R-19 in the ceiling, while the floors and foundation walls may not be insulated. A similar, but welldesigned and constructed house will have insulation levels that range from R-20 to R-30 in the walls and from R-50 to R-70 in the ceilings. Carefully applied fiberglass batt or rolls, wet-spray cellulose, or foam insulation will fill wall cavities completely. Foundation walls and slabs should be as well insulated as the living space walls. Poorly insulated foundations have a negative impact on home energy use and comfort, especially if the family uses the lower parts of the house as a living space. Also, appliances—such as domestic hot water heaters, washers, dryers, and freezers— that supply heat as a byproduct are often located in the basement. By carefully insulating the foundation walls and floor of the basement, these appliances can assist in heating the house. While most new houses have good insulation levels, it is often poorly installed. In general, gaps and compaction of insulation reduce its effectiveness. Photo by Craig Miller Productions, NREL/PIX02452 Air/Vapor Retarders Water vapor condensation is a major threat to the structure of a house, no matter what the climate. In cold climates, pressure differences can drive warm, moist indoor air into exterior walls and Workers install a structural insulated panel. 2 This house in Arizona features a passive solar design with overhangs above the south facing windows. The best windows are awning and casement styles because these styles often close tighter than sliding types. ttics. The air condenses as it cools. The same can be said for southern climates, just in reverse. As the humid outdoor air enters the walls and encounters cooler wall cavities, it condenses into liquid water. This is the main reason why some buildings in the South have problems with mold and rotten wood after they’re retrofitted with air conditioners. A vapor retarder is a material or structu ral element that can be used to inhibit the movement of water vapor, while an air retarder can inhibit airflow, into and out of a house’s envelope. How to design and install vapor retarders depends a great deal on the climate and on the chosen construction method. However, any water vapor that does manage to get into the walls or attics must be allowed to escape. Regardless of climate, water vapor migration should be minimized by using a carefully designed thermal envelope and sound construction practices. Systems that control air and water vapor movement in homes rely on the nearly airtight installation of sheet materials on the interior as the main barrier. The Airtight Drywall Approach (ADA) uses the drywall already being installed along with gaskets and caulking to create a 3 ontinuous air retarder. In addition, seams where foundation, sill plate, floor joist header, and subfloor meet are also carefully sealed with appropriate caulk or gasket material. Consult your local building codes official on the best vapor retarder method to use in your area. Windows The typical home loses more than 25 percent of its heat through windo ws. Even modern windows insulate less than a wall. Therefore, an energy-efficient house in a heating-dominated climate should, in general, have few windows on its northern, eastern, and western sides. Total window area should also not exceed 8 to 9 percent of the floor area for those rooms, unless the designer is experienced in passive solar techniques. If this is the case, then increasing window area on the southern side of the house to about 12 percent of the floor area is recommended. This is often called solar tempering. A properly designed roof overhang for south-facing windows will help prevent overheating in the summer. North, east, Photo by Sara Farrar, NREL/PIX08155 and west windows should have low Solar Heat Gain Coefficients (SHGC). South windows with properly sized overhangs should have a high SHGC to allow winter sun (and heat) to enter the house. The overhang blocks the high summer sun (and heat). If properly sized overhangs are not possible, a low SHGC glass should be selected for the south windows. At the very least, you should use windows (and doors) with an Energy Star ® label, which are twice as energy efficient as those produced 10 years ago, according to regional, climatic guidelines (note: houses with any kind of solar tempering have other guidelines). The best windows are awning and casement styles because these often close tighter than sliding types. In all climates, window glass facing south without overhangs can cause a problem on the cooling side that far exceeds the benefit from the winter solar gains. when compared to other houses of the same type and age. You can accomplish most air sealing by using two materials: caulking and weatherstripping. Caulking can be used to seal areas of potential air leakage into or out of a house. And weatherstripping can be used to seal gaps around windows and exterior doors. Controlled Ventilation Good air sealing alone may reduce utility costs by as much as 50 percent. Since an energy-efficient house is tightly sealed, it needs to be ventilated in a controlled manner. Controlled, mechanical ventilation prevents health risks from indoor air pollution, promotes a more comfortable atmosphere, and reduces air moisture infiltration, thus reducing the likelihood of structural damage. Furnaces, water heaters, clothes dryers, and bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans expel air from the house, making it easier to depressurize an airtight house if all else is ignored. But natural-draft appliances may be back-drafted by exhaust fans, which can lead to a lethal buildup of toxic Weatherstripping and Caulking You should seal air leaks everywhere in a home’s thermal envelope to reduce energy loss. Good air sealing alone may reduce utility costs by as much as 50 percent Ceiling light fixture Electrical wires penetrating vapor barrier Joints at attic hatch Vents from bathroom and kitchen Joints at interior partitions Joints between wall and ceiling Joints at windows Electric meter Electrical service entrance Electrical panel Electrical outlets and switches Plumbing stack penetration Chimney penetration of ceiling Holes through air-vapor barrier Joint between bottom plate and floor Cracks around doors Joint between joists and basement wall Service entrance for cable TV, telephone, fuel, etc. Air leakage can occur in many places throughout a home. 4 Heating and Cooling Systems Stale room air return Specifying the correct sizes for heating and cooling systems in airtight, energy-efficient homes can be tricky. Rule-of-thumb sizing is often inaccurate, resulting in wasteful operation. Conscientious builders and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning contractors size heating and cooling equipment based on careful consideration of the thermal envelope characteristics. Outside air inlet Fresh air supply Air-to-air heat exchanger Exhaust air Heat recovery ventilation. Generally, energy-efficient homes require relatively small heating systems, typically less than 50,000 Btu/hour even for very cold climates. Some require nothing more than sunshine as the primary source of heat along with auxiliary heat from radiant in-floor heating, a standard gas-fired water heater, a small boiler, a furnace, or electric heat pump. Any common appliance that gives off â€Å"waste† heat can also contribute significantly to the heating requirements for such houses. If an air conditioner is required, it’s often a small unit and sufficient for all but the warmest climates. Sometimes only a large fan and the cooler evening air are needed to make the house comfortable. The house is closed up in the morning and stays cool until the next evening. Smaller-capacity heating and cooling systems are usually less expensive to buy and operate. This helps recover the costs of purchasing more insulation, and other energy-efficient products, such as windows and appliances. Always look for the EnergyGuide label on heating and cooling equipment. The label will rate how efficient it is as compared to others available on the market. In climates where summer cooling requirements dominate, light-colored materials and coatings (paint) on the exterior siding and roof can help reduce cooling requirements by up to 15 percent. Carefully selected and placed vegetation in any climate also contributes to reduced cooling and heating loads. ases in the house. For this reason, sealedcombustion heating appliances, which use only outside air for combustion and vent combustion gases directly to the outdoors, are very important for ventilation energy efficiency and safety. Heat recovery ventilators (HRV) or energy recovery ventilators (ERV) are growing in use for controlled ventilation in airtight homes. These ventilators can salvage about 70 per cent of the energy from the stale exhaust air and transfer that energy to the fresh air entering by way of a heat exchanger inside the device. They can be attached to the central forced air system or may have their own duct system. Other ventilation devices, such as through-the-wall or â€Å"trickle† vents, may be used in conjunction with an exhaust fan. They are, however, more expensive to operate and possibly more uncomfortable to use because they have no energy recovery features to precondition the incoming air. Uncomfortable incoming air can be a serious problem in northern climates and can create moisture problems in humid climates. Therefore, this ventilation strategy is only for arid climates. Other systems pull outside air in with a small outside duct on the return side of the furnace. Generally, energyefficient homes require relatively small heating systems. 5 Energy-Efficient Appliances Higher efficiency appliances provide a measure of insurance against energy prices and emit less air pollution. Appliances with relatively high operating efficiencies are usually more expensive to purchase. However, higher efficiency appliances provide a measure of insurance against increases in energy prices, emit less air pollution, and are attractive selling points when the home is resold. Home buyers should invest in high-efficiency appliances—such as water heaters, clothes washers and dryers, dishwashers, and refrigerators—especially if these appliances will be used a great deal. Because all major appliances must have an EnergyGuide label, read the label carefully to make sure you buy the most efficient appliance. To help you choose wisely, major appliances with an Energy Star ® label exceed the federal government’s minimum efficiency standards by a large percentage. Energy-efficient lighting helps keep energy bills down by producing less heat and reducing cooling requirements. Fluorescent lighting, both conventional tube and compact, is generally the most energyefficient for most home applications. always done before. They may need more training if they have no experience with these systems. Building and Buying Before you start a home-building project, the building site and its climate should be carefully evaluated to determine the optimum design and orientation for the house. There are energy-related computer software programs that can help with these evaluations. The design should accommodate appropriate insulation levels, moisture dynamics, and aesthetics. Decisions regarding appropriate windows, doors, and heating, cooling and ventilating appliances are central to an efficient design. Also the cost, ease of construction, the builder’s limitations, and local building code compliance should be competently evaluated. Some plans are relatively simple and inexpensive to construct, while others can be extremely complex and, thus, expensive. An increasing number of builders are participating in the federal government’s Building America and Energy Star ® Homes programs, as well as local home energy rating programs, all of which promote the construction of energy-efficient houses. Many of these builders construct energy-efficient homes to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Construction costs can vary significantly depending on the materials, construction techniques, contractor profit margin, experience, and the type of heating, cooling, and ventilation system chosen. Because energy-efficient homes require less money to operate, many lenders now offer energy-efficient mortgages (EEMs). EEMs typically have lower points and allow for the stretching of debt-to-income ratios. State and local government energy offices can be contacted for information on region-specific financing. In the end, your energy-efficient house will provide you with superior comfort and lower operating costs, not to mention a higher real estate market value. The building site and its climate should be carefully evaluated to determine the optimum design. Advantages and Disadvantages Houses that incorporate all of the above elements of energy efficiency have many advantages. They feel more comfortable because the additional insulation keeps the interior wall at a more comfortable and stable temperature. The indoor humidity is also better controlled, and drafts are reduced. A tightly sealed air/vapor retarder reduces the likelihood of moisture and air seeping through the walls. They are also very quiet because the extra insulation and tight construction helps to keep exterior noise out better. But these houses also have some potential disadvantages. They may cost more and take longer to build than a conventional home if there’s a lack of builder familiarity with new construction techniques and products available on the market. Even though the house’s structure may differ only slightly from conventional homes, the builder and contractors may be unwilling to deviate from what they’ve 6 Resources The following are sources of additional information on energy-efficient houses: The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) P. O. Box 3048 Merrifield, VA 22116 1-800-DOE-EREC (1-800-363-3732) E-mail: doe. [email  protected] om Web site: http://www. eren. doe. gov/consumerinfo/ EREC provides free general and technical information to the public on many topics and technologies pertaining to energy efficiency and renewable energy. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Building Technologies Department MS 90-3111 Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Phone: (510) 486-6845; Fax: (510) 486-4089 Web site: http://eetd. lb l. gov/btp/btp. html Provides information on past and current research in buildings energy efficiency. National Renewable Energy Laboratory The Center for Buildings and Thermal Systems 1617 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO 80401 Web site: http://www. nrel. gov/buildings_thermal Provides information on energy-efficient buildings. Organizations American Solar Energy Society, Inc. (ASES) 2400 Central Avenue, G-1 Boulder, CO 80301 Phone: (303) 443-3130; Fax: (303) 443-3212 E-mail: [email  protected] org Web site: http://www. ases. org A national advocacy organization dedicated to the use of solar energy in buildings. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Buildings Technology Center P. O. Box 2008, MS-6070 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6070 Phone: (865) 574-5206; Fax Number: (865) 574-5227 Web site: http://www. ornl. ov/ORNL/BTC/ Provides information on research in buildings energy efficiency. Building America U. S. Department of Energy Office of Building Systems, EE-41 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, D. C. 20585-0121 Web site: http://www. eren. doe. gov/buildings/ building_america/ Works with the home building industry to produce quality homes that use up to 50 percent less energy without costing more to build. Sustainable Buildings Industry Council (SBIC) 1331 H Street, NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20005-4706 Phone: (202) 628-7400; Fax: (202) 393-5043 E-mail: [email  protected] org Web site: http://www. bicouncil. org Promotes the use of energy-efficient and passive solar building design and construction. Web Sites Building Energy Software Tools U. S. Department of Energy Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs Web site: http://www. eren. doe. gov/buildings/tools_ directory/ Describes many energy-related software tools for buildings, with an emphasis on renewable energy, and energy efficiency. Efficient Windows Collaborative Alliance to Save Energy 1200 18th Street NW, Suite 900 Washington, D. C. 20036 Phone: (202) 857-0666; Fax: (202) 331-9588 E-mail: [email  protected] rg Web site: http:/ /www. efficientwindows. org/ Provides unbiased information on the benefits of energy-efficient windows, descriptions of how they work, and recommendatio ns for their selection and use. Cool Roof Materials Database Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Web site: http://eetd. lbl. gov/coolroof/ Assists with the selection of roofing materials that reflect instead of absorb the sun’s radiant energy. Energy Star ® U. S. Department of Energy and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Phone: (888) STAR-YES (1-888-782-7937) E-mail: [email  protected] gov Web site: http:/ /www. nergystar. gov/ Provides lists of Energy Star ®-qualified products, including appliances and windows, as well as information on its energyefficient homes program. Green Buildings Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development Web site: http://www. sustainable. doe. gov/buildings/ gbintro. htm Provides information and links on energy-efficient buildings. (Continued on page 8) 7 Continued from page 7 The Residential Energy Efficiency Database Web site: http://www. its-canada. com/reed/ Provides a wide-range of information on energy-efficient houses, includ ing house plans. The Passive Solar Design and Construction Handbook, M. Crosbie (ed), J. Wiley, 1997. Available for purchase from ASES (see Resources). Residential Windows: A Guide to New Technology and Energy Performance, J. Carmody, S. Selkowitz, and L. Herschong, Norton Professional Books, 1996. Phone: 1-800-233-4830; http://www. wwnorton. com/npb/. Insulation Fact Sheet, U. S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 1997. Available from ORNL in PDF and HTML at http://www. ornl. gov/roofs+walls/insulation/. Print version is available from EREC (see Resources). Zip Code Insulation Database Oak Ridge National Laboratory Web site: http://www. ornl. gov/~roofs/Zip/ZipHome. html Provides information by zip code on the most economic insulation levels for new or existing homes. Reading List The following publications provide further information about energy-efficient home elements. The list is not exhaustive, nor does the mention of any publication constitute a recommendation or endorsement. Periodicals Energy Design Update. Published by Cutter Information Corporation, 37 Broadway, Arlington, MA 02474-5552; Phone: (800) 964-5118 or (781) 648-8700; Web site: http:// www. utter. com. This monthly newsletter contains information for professionals interested in energyefficient building technologies. Product reviews appear regularly. Environmental Building News. 28 Birge Street, Brattleboro, VT 05301; Phone: (802) 257-7300; Web site: http://www. BuildingGreen. com. This bimonthly newsletter covers a wide variety of topics. The Journal of Light Constru ction. Published by Builderburg Partners, Ltd. , 932 West Main Street, Richmond, VT 05477; Phone: (800) 375-5981. This monthly journal often features articles on energy conservation techniques for the home builder. Home Energy Magazine. 2124 Kittredge Street, #95, Berkeley, CA 94704; Phone: (510) 524-5405; E-mail: [email  protected] org,; Web site: http://www. homeenergy. org/. It’s a source of information on reducing energy consumption in the home. Solpan Review. Published by Drawing-Room Graphic Services, Ltd. , P. O. Box 86627, North Vancouver, BC V71 412 , Canada; Phone (604) 689-1841. This bimonthly newsletter features articles on energy conservation for the building industry, including information on new products and energy-efficient practices in residential construction. Books, Pamphlets, and Reports Buildings for a Sustainable America Case Studies, B. Miller, ASES, 1997. Available from ASES or SBIC (see Resources). Building Green in a Black & White World, D. Johnston, Home Builder Press, 2000; Phone: (800) 223-2665; http://www. builderbooks. com. Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings, A. Wilson and J. Morrill, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2000; Phone: (510) 549-9914; http://aceee. org/. The Efficient House Sourcebook, R. Sardinsky, Rocky Mountain Institute. Available from SBIC (see Resources). Energy Savers: Tips on Saving Energy and Money at Home, U. S. Department of Energy. Available in PDF and HTML at http://www. eren. doe. gov/consumerinfo/energy_ savers/ or print version from EREC (see Resources). Fine Homebuilding: Energy-Efficient Houses, Fine Homebuilding magazine. Available from SBIC (see Resources). Moisture Control Handbook: Principals and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial Buildings, J. Lstiburek and J. Carmody, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. , 1993. Available from the Building Science Corporation at (978) 589-5100 (phone); (978) 589-5103 (fax); or http://www. buildingscience. com. 8

the megalodon essays

the megalodon essays Subclass-Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) I was in front of the TV watching shark week on the discovery channel when they started to talk about this shark that was three times bigger then a great white shark and ate whales for food. I sat there for an hour intrigued by the thought of one of those living today. So when you gave out the reports I knew right away what I wanted to do it on the Megalodon. Sharks have been around for along time. They were here before the dinosaurs 350 million years ago. About 5 million years ago the ocean was ruled by a shark speculated to be the size of a bus. Its not known how big it was or what it looked like because sharks bones are made of cartilage and the only things that remain are their huge teeth. These teeth are as big as six inches long and weight up to twelve ounces. The teeth look like a great whites but four times bigger. Scientist once believed that they were 120ft in length because of the size of their teeth. Recently, it has been shrunk to 50 to 60 feet. There is a lot of these teeth which Probably means they had rows of teeth like the great whites five rows of them. Because there is so few fossils there is still a lot of mystery to the The Megladon shark was first discovered by a French paleontologist Louis Agassiz in 1835. It is not known where the tooth was found. Now days most of the megalodon teeth are found on the East Coast in Maryland and North and South Carolina and in Florida. Lots of people also collect their teeth and sell them. A 5-inch tooth in good condition goes for about $250. There are many speculations about the megalodon shark what they ...

irony in the dead poets societ essays

irony in the dead poets societ essays The myth to be discussed in this paper is Irony. Ironies present the reader with images and patterns, which are all too familiar because they reflect on all, or our realistic lives. If we grew up as a child believing that the world where one in which all the laws were fair, that elections never tampered with, that all advertising must tell the truth, that the world was jolly green world, would everyone succeed and live happily ever after, we soon realize that the world bears no resemblance to the childlike dream world encounters the world of Irony. What we do with this realization and how we balance this between the way the world should be and the way it is, governs how we will adjust to life. Irony presents us with the possibility to distinguish between pretension and performance, between the ideal and the real. We become increasingly aware of the gap between what we know should be and what is. The movie Dead Poets Society deals with a group of boys who have been told all their life what to do and even have a career chosen for them. They have no say in anything, they follow what they are told to do with no questions asked because they think that what is being done for them is right. All changes when they meet a teacher named Mr. Keating. He shows them that they are able to think for themselves and no one should tell them how to live out their life. The boys hesitate at first when Mr. Keating starts to enrich the boys to live their life and seize the day carpe Diem but this gets the boys and Mr. Keating in a predicament. The first situation that happens is when Neil Perry confronts his father because he feels that he is trapped in his fathers plan. He is pressuring him to live his fathers dream not his own. He goes to Mr. Keating and asks him what he should do and he replied, We will one day stop breathing and die. So.... Seize the day- make something of yourself now.(Notes) This leads Neil P...

Criminal Justice Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Justice Corrections - Essay Example There are a wide variety of sentencing options available to judges today that range from community service to the death penalty. The type of crime, severity of the crime, the philosophy of the court, and the law all impact the sentence that a criminal will receive when convicted of a criminal act. There are a wide range of options that a judge has when considering the sentence that a criminal deserves. Minor crimes, such as shoplifting or prostitution, are often handled by sentencing the offender to a fine or probation. Probation dates back several centuries and has evolved from an informal monitoring procedure to a highly evolved system procedure (County of Suffolk NY, n.d.). Probation is the suspension of a sentence in favor of community monitoring, where the offender has the opportunity for rehabilitation. In addition, the offender may be sentenced to house arrest in which the convicted criminal is restricted in mobility and is only allowed in their home or at their place of employment. This gives the courts a high degree of accountability and restriction, while keeping the criminal off the streets and away from the public. Both probation and house arrest can be effective alternative sentences for first time offenders or petty criminals who have hope of rehabilitation. Typically, when we think of sentencing for a criminal act, we think of it in terms of incarceration. For more severe crimes such as felonies or crimes of violence, the risk to society of re-offending makes incarceration an effective tool. Criminals may be jailed at a local, state, or federal facility depending upon the nature of the crime and the jurisdiction. Incarceration rates have risen sharply in recent years from 150 per 100,000 in 1980 to 500 per 100,000 in 2005 (After sharp increases, 2007). The increased rates of incarceration have come not only as a result of an increase in criminal activity, but also from conservative attitudes that believe in a get tough policy on crime (Mears et al., 2007). On the more severe end of sentencing is the death penalty. This sentence is reserved for the most heinous and vicious crimes and serves to demonstrate society's condemnation of certain criminal acts. The criminal, the crime, and the court will come together to determine an appropriat e sentence. The sentence handed down in a court is often the result of the philosophy of the court, and especially of the residing judge. Sentencing can be viewed as either restorative or retributive. Retributive sentencing seeks to punish the offender without compassion or hope of rehabilitation. Advocates of retributive sentencing believe that stiff sentences act as a deterrent, and when a criminal is deterred there is no need for rehabilitation. They see sentencing as a punishment. In contrast, restorative sentencing seeks to repair the harm done by the crime and reintegrate the criminal into the community. The sentence may consist of restitution, drug treatment, or community service. Advocates contend that "the one who did the harm gains stronger skills and community connections, the opportunity to develop empathy, and the knowledge that they have corrected their mistake" (Ball, 2003, p.51). While retributive sentencing is based on the concept of 'an eye for an eye', "restorative justice fin ds pain/punishment often counterproductive for both victim and offender" (Mosak, 2006, p.3). These are the issues that face the criminal judge when determining